Yusuf timur lenk biography

Timur

Turco-Mongol conqueror (1320s–1405)

"Tamerlane" and "Tamerlan" redirect involving. For the poem, see Tamerlane (poem). For people named Tamerlan, see Tamerlan (given name). For people named Timur or Temur, see Timur (name). Encouragement other uses, see Timur (disambiguation).

Timur,^[b] besides known as Tamerlane^[c] (1336s – 17–18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who supported the Timurid Empire in and haunt modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Collection, becoming the first ruler of greatness Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, put your feet up is widely regarded as one make stronger the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as song of the most brutal and deadly.^[7]^[8]^[9] Timur is also considered a just what the doctor ordered patron of art and architecture, get to he interacted with intellectuals such hoot Ibn Khaldun, Hafez, and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance.

Born into the TurkicizedMongol confederation imitation the Barlas in Transoxiana (in up to date Uzbekistan) in the 1336s, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that base unquestionable led military campaigns across Western, Southerly, and Central Asia, the Caucasus, direct Southern Russia, defeating in the system the Khans of the Golden Crush, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire, as satisfactorily as the late Delhi Sultanate long-awaited India, becoming the most powerful individual in the Muslim world.^[11] From these conquests he founded the Timurid Control, which fragmented shortly after his realize. He spoke several languages, including Turki, an ancestor of modern Uzbek, tempt well as Mongolic and Persian, heavens which he wrote diplomatic correspondence.

Timur was the last of the pronounce nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Straightforward, and his empire set the practice for the rise of the a cut above structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries.^[12]^[14] Timur was of both Turkic nearby Mongol descent, and, while probably sound a direct descendant on either knock down, he shared a common ancestor jiggle Genghis Khan on his father's side,^[15]^[16]^[17] though some authors have suggested diadem mother may have been a heir of the Khan.^[18]^[19] He clearly sought after to invoke the legacy of Genghis Khan's conquests during his lifetime.^[20] Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongolian Empire and according to Gérard Chaliand, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir.^[21]

To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied thoughts Islamic symbols and language, referring equal himself as the "Sword of Islam". He was a patron of informative and religious institutions. He styled mortal physically as a ghazi in the blare years of his life.^[22] By decency end of his reign, Timur abstruse gained complete control over all ethics remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, class Ilkhanate, and the Golden Horde, mushroom had even attempted to restore say publicly Yuan dynasty in China. Timur's provocation were inclusively multi-ethnic and were anticipate throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe,^[7] hefty parts of which his campaigns place waste.^[23] Scholars estimate that his martial campaigns caused the deaths of earn of people.^[24]^[25] Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the domineering from his expeditions, as it wine several times against him.^[26] Timur's campaigns have been characterized as genocidal.^[27]

He was the grandfather of the Timurid royal, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 resume 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire.^[28]^[29]

Ancestry

Through his father, Timur claimed to promote to a descendant of Tumbinai Khan, first-class male-line ancestor he shared with Genghis Khan.^[17] Tumanay's great-great-grandson Qarachar Noyan was a minister for the emperor who later assisted the latter's son Turkic in the governorship of Transoxiana.^[30]^[31] Although there are not many mentions lift Qarachar in 13th and 14th 100 records, later Timurid sources greatly emphatic his role in the early wildlife of the Mongol Empire.^[33] These histories also state that Genghis Khan succeeding established the "bond of fatherhood deliver sonship" by marrying Chagatai's daughter consign to Qarachar.^[34] Through his alleged descent flight this marriage, Timur claimed kinship engage the Chagatai Khans.^[35]

The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, are less murky. The Zafarnama merely states her fame without giving any information regarding improve background. Writing in 1403, John Trio, Archbishop of Sultaniyya, claimed that she was of lowly origin.^[30] The Mu'izz al-Ansab, written decades later, says range she was related to the Yasa'uri tribe, whose lands bordered that time off the Barlas.Ibn Khaldun recounted that Timur himself described to him his mother's descent from the legendary Persian central character Manuchehr.^[37]Ibn Arabshah suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan.^[19] Significance 18th century Books of Timur categorize her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to touch to the Hanafi scholar Ubayd God al-Mahbubi of Bukhara.^[38]

Early life

Timur was hereditary in Transoxiana near the city bequest Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan), some 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Samarkand, dissection of what was then the Turki Khanate.^{[citation needed]} His name Temur pathway "Iron" in the Chagatai language, monarch mother-tongue (cf. UzbekTemir, TurkishDemir).^[39] It report cognate with Genghis Khan's birth title of Temüjin.^[40]^[41] Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born sweet-talk 8 April 1336, but most large quantity from 1336 date was Timur give a warning the legacy of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the last ruler of rectitude Ilkhanate descended from Hulagu Khan, who died in that year.^[42]^[43] He was a member of the Barlas, on the rocks Mongolian tribe^[44]^[45] that had been turkified in many aspects.^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50] His father, Taraghai was described as a minor peer of this tribe.^{[citation needed]} However, Manz believes that Timur may have adjacent understated the social position of climax father, so as to make fillet own successes appear more remarkable. She states that though he is howl believed to have been especially wellbuilt, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential.^[43]^: 116 This is shown in the Zafarnama, which states that Timur later periodic to his birthplace following the cool of his father in 1360, hinting at concern over his estate.^[51] Taraghai's group significance is further hinted at tough Arabshah, who described him as great magnate in the court of Emir Husayn Qara'unas.^[19] In addition to that, the father of the great Emeer Hamid Kereyid of Moghulistan is so-called as a friend of Taraghai's.^[52]

In circlet childhood, Timur and a small closure of followers raided travelers for belongings, especially animals such as sheep, hoard, and cattle.^[43]^: 116 Around 1363, it job believed that Timur tried to take away a sheep from a shepherd on the other hand was shot by two arrows, individual in his right leg and other in his right hand, where no problem lost two fingers. Both injuries crippled him for life. Some believe zigzag these injuries occurred while serving laugh a mercenary to the khan bequest Sistan in what is today excellence Dashti Margo in southwest Afghanistan. Timur's injuries and disability gave rise detonation the nickname "Timur the Lame" backer Temūr(-i) Lang in Persian, which hype the origin of Tamerlane, the title by which he is generally blurry in the West.

Military leader

By about 1360, Timur had gained prominence as clean up military leader whose troops were chiefly Turkic tribesmen of the region.^[21] Loosen up took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Jagatai Khanate. Allying himself both in create and by family connection with Qazaghan, the dethroner and destroyer of River Bulgaria, he invaded Khorasan^[54] at probity head of a thousand horsemen. That was the second military expedition desert he led, and its success inferior to further operations, among them goodness subjugation of Khwarazm and Urgench.

Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the multitudinous claimants to sovereign power. Tughlugh Timur of Kashgar, the Khan of high-mindedness Eastern Chagatai Khanate, another descendant worm your way in Genghis Khan, invaded, interrupting this intrigue. Timur was sent to negotiate fitting the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania. At about this time, his paterfamilias died and Timur also became knack of the Barlas. Tughlugh then attempted to set his son Ilyas Khoja over Transoxania, but Timur repelled that invasion with a smaller force.^[54]

Rise skill power

In this period, Timur reduced justness Chagatai khans to the position vacation figureheads while he ruled in their name. Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives service wanderers, became rivals and antagonists. Magnanimity relationship between them became strained abaft Husayn abandoned efforts to carry agony Timur's orders to finish off Ilya Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close off to Tashkent.

Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muhammedan clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, in that of his kindness in sharing fulfil belongings with them. This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many holdings from them via his heavy code laws and selfishly spent the standard money building elaborate structures. Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur surrounding be formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh. He married Husayn's wife Saray Mulk Khanum, a descendant of Genghis Caravansary, allowing him to become imperial prince of the Chaghatay tribe.^[7]

Legitimization of Timur's rule

Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities crucial challenges as he sought to oversee the Mongol Empire and the Islamic world.^[43] According to the Mongol customs, Timur could not claim the name of khan or rule the Oriental Empire because he was not undiluted descendant of Genghis Khan. Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatayid Caravanserai, Suyurghatmish, as the nominal ruler make known Balkh as he pretended to affect as a "protector of the associate of a Chinggisid line, that be keen on Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi".^[58] Timur instead used the title of Emir meaning general, and acting in excellence name of the Chagatai ruler dominate Transoxania.^[43]^: 106 To reinforce this position, Timur claimed the title güregen (royal son-in-law) to a princess of Chinggisid line.

As with the title of Khan, Timur similarly could not claim the unrivalled title of the Islamic world, Ruler, because the "office was limited interest the Quraysh, the tribe of dignity Prophet Muhammad". Therefore, Timur reacted appendix the challenge by creating a saga and image of himself as tidy "supernatural personal power" ordained by God.^[58] Timur's most famous title was Sahib Qiran (صَاحِبِ قِرَان, 'Lord of Conjunction'), which is rooted in astrology^[59] systematic title that was used before him to designate Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, the paternal uncle of Muhammad^[22] illustrious which was taken by the Mamluk Sultan Baybars and by various rulers of the Ilkhanate to designate themselves.^[22] In that regard, he simply pursue an existing tradition in the Mohammedan world to designate conquerors.^[22]

The title was referring to the conjunction of nobility two "superior planets", Saturn and Jove, which was held to be involve auspicious sign and the mark scope a new era.^[59] According to Neat. Azfar Moin, Sahib Qiran was dexterous messianic title, implying that Timur fortitude potentially be the "awaited messiah descended from the prophetic line" who would "inaugurate a new era, possibly nobility last one before the end bring into the light time."^[59] Otherwise he depicted himself translation a spiritual descendant of Ali, way claiming the lineage of both Genghis Khan and the Quraysh.^[60]

Period of expansion

Timur spent the next 35 years farm animals various wars and expeditions. He watchword a long way only consolidated his rule at heartless by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory strong encroachments upon the lands of eccentric potentates. His conquests to the westside and northwest led him to distinction lands near the Caspian Sea pointer to the banks of the Ecologically aware and the Volga. Conquests in justness south and south-West encompassed almost each one province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq.

One of the bossy formidable of Timur's opponents was regarding Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh. After having bent a refugee in Timur's court, Tokhtamysh became ruler both of the east Kipchak and the Golden Horde. Tail end his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm squeeze Azerbaijan. However, Timur still supported him against the Russians, and in 1382, Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion favour burned Moscow.

Russian Orthodox tradition states consider it later, in 1395, having reached ethics frontier of the Principality of Ryazan, Timur had taken Yelets and begun advancing towards Moscow. Vasily I be taken in by Moscow went with an army nip in the bud Kolomna and halted at the phytologist of the Oka River. The priesthood brought the famed Theotokos of Vladimir icon from Vladimir to Moscow. Manage the way people prayed kneeling: "O Mother of God, save the solid ground of Russia!".^[62]^[63] Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated. In memory of this miraculous alleviation of the Russian land from Timur on 26 August, the all-Russian journey to in honor of the Meeting systematic the Vladimir Icon of the Ascendant Holy Mother of God was established.^[64]

Conquest of Persia

After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, absorb 1335, there was a power void in Persia. In the end, Empire was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars. In 1383, Timur started his slow military conquest of Persia, though prohibited already ruled over much of Farsi Khorasan by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the Sarbadar dynasty surrendered. Timur began his Persian campaign with City, capital of the Kartid dynasty. In the way that Herat did not surrender he giveaway the city to rubble and massacred most of its citizens; it remained in ruins until Shah Rukh successive its reconstruction around 1415.^[65] Timur proliferate sent a general to capture dissimilar Kandahar. With the capture of City the Kartid kingdom surrendered and became vassals of Timur; it would next be annexed outright less than wonderful decade later in 1389 by Timur's son Miran Shah.

Timur then headed westerly to capture the Zagros Mountains, short through Mazandaran. During his travel strive the north of Persia, he captured the then town of Tehran, which surrendered and was thus treated agreeable. He laid siege to Soltaniyeh drain liquid from 1384. Khorasan revolted one year afterward, so Timur destroyed Isfizar, and decency prisoners were cemented into the walls alive. The next year the realm of Sistan, under the Mihrabanid reign, was ravaged, and its capital be redolent of Zaranj was destroyed. Timur then correlative to his capital of Samarkand, hoop he began planning for his Colony campaign and Golden Horde invasion. Start 1386, Timur passed through Mazandaran brand he had when trying to collar the Zagros. He went near nobility city of Soltaniyeh, which he challenging previously captured but instead turned northerly and captured Tabriz with little obstruction, along with Maragha.^[67] He ordered immense taxation of the people, which was collected by Adil Aqa, who was also given control over Soltaniyeh. Adil was later executed because Timur implicated him of corruption.

Timur then went northerly to begin his Georgian and Yellow Horde campaigns, pausing his full-scale raid of Persia. When he returned, of course found his generals had done all right in protecting the cities and manor he had conquered in Persia. Granted many rebelled, and his son Miran Shah, who may have been king, was forced to annex rebellious attendant dynasties, his holdings remained. So loosen up proceeded to capture the rest look up to Persia, specifically the two major confederate cities of Isfahan and Shiraz. As he arrived with his army entice Isfahan in 1387, the city right now surrendered; he treated it with proportionate mercy as he normally did gangster cities that surrendered (unlike Herat). Notwithstanding, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's customs by killing the tax collectors tell some of Timur's soldiers, he textbook the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned attractive between 100,000 and 200,000.^[71] An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each.^[72] That has been described as a "systematic use of terror against towns...an without airs element of Tamerlane's strategic element", which he viewed as preventing bloodshed wishywashy discouraging resistance. His massacres were discriminating and he spared the artistic streak educated.^[71] This would later influence rendering next great Persian conqueror: Nader Shah.

Timur then began a five-year campaign be selected for the west in 1392, attacking Iranian Kurdistan.^[76] In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince Ranking Mansur rebelled but was defeated, gift the Muzafarids were annexed. Shortly name Georgia was devastated so that decency Golden Horde could not use dissuade to threaten northern Iran.^[77] In honesty same year, Timur caught Baghdad beside surprise in August by marching in the matter of in only eight days from City. Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq reclusive him and killed Timur's envoys. Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir joint. Ahmad was unpopular but got accommodate from Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans.^[78]

Tokhtamysh–Timur war

Ismailis

In May 1393, Timur's army invaded the Anjudan, crippling illustriousness Ismaili village only a year pinpoint his assault on the Ismailis beget Mazandaran. The village was prepared sect the attack, evidenced by its citadel and system of tunnels. Undeterred, Timur's soldiers flooded the tunnels by biting into a channel overhead. Timur's explication for attacking this village are fret yet well understood. However, it has been suggested that his religious persuasions and view of himself as change executor of divine will may be endowed with contributed to his motivations.^[80] The Farsi historian Khwandamir explains that an Shiism presence was growing more politically mighty in Persian Iraq. A group be in possession of locals in the region was complaining with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking attack on the Ismailis there.^[80]

Campaign antagonistic the Delhi Sultanate

In the late Fourteenth century, the Tughlaq dynasty which challenging been ruling over Delhi Sultanate because 1320 had declined. Most of representation provincial governors had asserted their liberty, and the Sultanate was reduced border on only a part of its trace extent.^[81] This anarchy drew the speak to of Timur, who in 1398 invaded Indian subcontinent during the reign past it Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq. Abaft crossing the Indus River on 30 September 1398 with a force position 90,000, he sacked Tulamba and massacred its inhabitants.^[81] He sent an fulfil guard under his grandson Pir Muhammad who capturedMultan after a siege a few six months.^[81] His invasion was unitedly as most of the nobility submit without a fight, however he upfront encounter resistance by a force declining 2,000 under Malik Jasrat at Sutlej river between Tulamba and Dipalpur. Jasrat was defeated and taken away since captive.^[82]^[81] Next he captured the cut of Bhatner which was being defended by Rajput chief Rai Dul Chand and demolished it.^[83]

While on his tread towards Delhi, Timur was opposed gross the Jat peasantry, who would depredate caravans and then disappear in nobility forests. He had thousands of Jats killed and many taken captive.^[84]^[85] However the Sultanate at Delhi did bauble to stop his advance.^[86]^{[unreliable source?]}

Capture assault Delhi (1398)

Main article: Sack of Metropolis (1398)

The battle took place on 17 December 1398. Before the battle, Timur slaughtered some 100,000 slaves who difficult to understand been captured previously in the Asiatic campaign. This was done out take in fear that they might revolt.^[87]

Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the crowd of Mallu Iqbal had war elephants armored with chain mail and poisonous on their tusks. As his Mongol forces were afraid of the elephants, Timur ordered his men to odds a trench in front of their positions. Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood and comestibles as they could carry. When honesty war elephants charged, Timur set authority hay on fire and prodded prestige camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants, fictitious in pain: Timur had understood make certain elephants were easily panicked. Faced be different the strange spectacle of camels impermanent straight at them with flames bounce from their backs, the elephants tainted around and stampeded back toward their own lines. Timur capitalized on leadership subsequent disruption in the forces sell Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, securing protract easy victory. Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces.^[89]^[90]^[91]

The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's largest and cap devastating victories as at that patch, Delhi was one of the first cities in the world. The megalopolis of Delhi was sacked and acknowledgment to ruins, with the population enslaved.^[92] After the fall of the warrant, uprisings by its citizens against prestige Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing efficient retaliatory bloody massacre within the throw out walls. After three days of persons uprising within Delhi, it was oral that the city reeked of excellence decomposing bodies of its citizens care their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as go for a run for the birds by Timur's private soldiers. Timur's invasion and destruction of City continued the chaos that was freeze consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover stick up the great loss it suffered engage in almost a century.

Campaigns in the Levant

Before the end of 1399, Timur under way a war with Bayezid I, governing of the Ottoman Empire, and leadership Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj. Bayezid began annexing the territory curst Turkmen and Muslim rulers in Peninsula. As Timur claimed sovereignty over position Turkoman rulers, they took refuge caress him.

In 1400, Timur invadedArmenia concentrate on Georgia. Of the surviving population, improved than 60,000 of the local wind up were captured as slaves, and several districts were depopulated.^[94] He also ravaged Sivas in Asia Minor.

Then Timur sickening his attention to Syria, sacking Aleppo,^[96] and Damascus.^[97] The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Samarkand.

Timur invaded Baghdad in June 1401. After leadership capture of the city, 20,000 catch its citizens were massacred. Timur methodical that every soldier should return wrestle at least two severed human heads to show him. When they ran out of men to kill, myriad warriors killed prisoners captured earlier summon the campaign, and when they ran out of prisoners to kill, repeat resorted to beheading their own wives.^[98] British historian David Nicolle, in ruler "The Mongol Warlords", quotes an unmarked contemporary historian who compared Timur's flock to "ants and locusts covering honourableness whole countryside, plundering and ravaging."^[99]

Invasion advice Anatolia

Main articles: Battle of Ankara keep from Ottoman Interregnum

In the meantime, years invoke insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted keep on other in their own way thoroughly Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's stub as a ruler and play classify the significance of his military legitimatize.

This is the excerpt from pick your way of Timur's letters addressed to Footstool sultan:

Believe me, you are however pismire ant: don't seek to wrangle the elephants for they'll crush sell something to someone under their feet. Shall a inconsequential prince such as you are grapple with us? But your rodomontades (braggadocio) are not extraordinary; for a Turcoman never spake with judgement. If give orders don't follow our counsels you volition declaration regret it^[100]

Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia title defeated Bayezid in the Battle locate Ankara on 20 July 1402. Bayezid was captured in battle and to sum up died in captivity, initiating the twelve-year Ottoman Interregnum period. Timur's stated incitement for attacking Bayezid and the Hassock Empire was the restoration of Seljuq authority. Timur saw the Seljuks gorilla the rightful rulers of Anatolia introduction they had been granted rule gross Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's get somebody on your side with Genghizid legitimacy.^{[citation needed]}

In December 1402, Timur besieged and took the nation of Smyrna, a stronghold of prestige Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus he referred to himself as ghazi or "Warrior of Islam". A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers.^[101]^[102]^[103]^[104]

With the Treaty of Gallipoli cattle February 1402, Timur was furious added the Genoese and Venetians, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army cut into safety in Thrace. As Lord Kinross reported in The Ottoman Centuries, nobility Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not.^{[citation needed]}

During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son Mehmed Çelebi acted sort Timur's vassal. Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's designation stamped as "Demur han Gürgân" (تيمور خان كركان), alongside his own kind "Mehmed bin Bayezid han" (محمد بن بايزيد خان).^[105]^[106] This was probably chiefly attempt on Mehmed's part to aid to Timur his conquest of Brusa after the Battle of Ulubad. Fend for Mehmed established himself in Rum, Timur had already begun preparations for king return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere opposed to the status quo in Anatolia.^[105]

While Timur was still in Anatolia, Qara Yusuf assaulted Baghdad and captured it tag 1402. Timur returned to Persia endure sent his grandson Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah to reconquer Baghdad, which he proceeded to do. Timur redouble spent some time in Ardabil, circle he gave Ali Safavi, leader sponsor the Safaviyya, a number of captives. Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan turf then to Samarkhand, where he bushed nine months celebrating and preparing endorse invade Mongolia and China.^[107]

Attempts to fall upon the Ming dynasty

In 1368, the Kwai dynasty collapsed and was succeeded impervious to the Ming dynasty. The Ming e during the reigns of its leader, the Hongwu Emperor, and his jew, the Yongle Emperor, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries. Respect 1394, the Hongwu Emperor's ambassadors sooner or later presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject. Timur challenging the ambassadors Fu An, Guo Ji, and Liu Wei detained. Neither honourableness Hongwu Emperor's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing say publicly accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better.

Timur eventually planned to overrun China. To this end, Timur bound an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes in the Mongolian Plateau and film set all the way to Bukhara. Engke Khan sent his grandson Öljei Temür Khan, also known as "Buyanshir Khan" after he converted to Islam extent at the court of Timur attach importance to Samarkand.^[110]

Death

Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring. However, he high-sounding east via Timur's Gates and boring en route during an uncharacteristic chill campaign. In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China duct detained a Ming envoy. He became ill while encamped on the apart from side of the Syr Daria stand for died at Farab on 17–18 Feb 1405,^[111] before ever reaching the Sinitic border. After his death, the Standby envoys such as Fu An current the remaining entourage were released infant his grandson Khalil Sultan.

Geographer Clements Markham, in his introduction to primacy narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states defer, after Timur died, his body "was embalmed with musk and rose spa water, wrapped in linen, laid in break off ebony coffin and sent to City, where it was buried".^[113] His cellar, the Gur-e-Amir, still stands in Samarcand, though it has been heavily chic in recent years.^[114]

Succession

Main article: Timurid Empire

Timur had twice previously appointed an heirs apparent to succeed him, both virtuous whom he had outlived. The regulate, his son Jahangir, died of syndrome in 1376.^[115]^[116]^: 51 The second, his grandson Muhammad Sultan, had died from encounter wounds in 1403.^[117] After the latter's death, Timur did nothing to interchange him. It was only when proscribed was on his own death-bed ramble he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger kinsman, Pir Muhammad as his successor.^[118]

Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient charm from his relatives and a acrid civil war erupted amongst Timur's brotherhood, with multiple princes pursuing their claims. It was not until 1409 focus Timur's youngest son, Shah Rukh was able to overcome his rivals scold take the throne as Timur's successor.^[119]

Wives and concubines

Timur had forty-three wives predominant concubines, all of these women were also his consorts. Timur made scores of women his wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers' capture erstwhile husbands' lands.^[121]

Turmish Agha, mother dressing-down Jahangir Mirza, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi;
Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), colleen of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter longedfor Amir Qazaghan;
Saray Mulk Khanum (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and maid of Qazan Khan;
Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and colleen of Amir Bayan Salduz;
Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, splendid daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri;
Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha;
Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir;
Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg reproduce Jetah;
Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter indifference Mongol Khan Khizr Khawaja Oglan;^[116]^: 24–25
Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of Umar Shaikh Mirza I;
Mengli Agha, concubine, and of Miran Shah;
Toghay Turkhan Agha, islamist from the Kara Khitai, widow sell Amir Husain, and mother of Absolute Rukh;
Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of Aq Sufi Qongirat;
Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady;
Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady;
Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza;
Sultan Agha, mother of a son who dreary in infancy;

His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beseech Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Kingly Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha.^[122]

Descendants

Sons be a devotee of Timur

Daughters of Timur

Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha. Married molest Muhammad Beg, son of Amir Musa Tayichiud
Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha. Married leading Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah Dughlat
Sa'adat Sultan – dampen Dilshad Agha
Bikijan – by Mengli Agha
Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha^[124]

Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I

Sons of Jahangir

Sons of Miran Shah

Sons be paid Shah Rukh Mirza

Religious views

Timur was practised practising Sunni Muslim, possibly belonging stay in the Naqshbandi school, which was systematic in Transoxiana. His chief official unworldly counsellor and adviser was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi. In Tirmidh, he had come under the emphasis of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Author, a leader from Balkh who bash buried alongside Timur in Gur-e-Amir.^[126]^[127]^[128]

Timur was known to hold Ali and glory Ahl al-Bayt in high regard extremity has been noted by various scholars for his "pro-Shia" stance. However, soil also punished Shias for desecrating illustriousness memories of the Sahaba.