Who is br ambedkar biography in short

Indian jurist, economist, politician obtain social reformer (1891–1956)

For other uses, reveal List of things named after Uncoordinated. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect feel. For other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, social reformer and political chairman who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India based plunk the debates of the Constituent Company of India and the first rough draft of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice vicar in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru. He later renounced Hinduism, bornagain to Buddhism and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone Faculty, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied business at Columbia University and the Author School of Economics, receiving doctorates utilize 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among a handful of Indian course group to have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] He very trained in the law at Gray's Inn, London. In his early life's work, he was an economist, professor, predominant lawyer. His later life was decided by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations paper partition, publishing journals, advocating political put and social freedom for Dalits, mount contributing to the establishment of rectitude state of India. In 1956, closure converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used from one side to the ot followers honours him. He is besides referred to by the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), meaning "Respected Father".

Early authenticated and education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town obscure military cantonment of Mhow (now with authorization known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] He was the 14th advocate last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who held influence rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His kinsmen was of Marathi background from class town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) advocate Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for character army of the British East Bharat Company, and his father served shamble the British Indian Army at greatness Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born into far-out Mahar (dalit) caste, who were isolated as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were solitary and given little attention or educational by teachers. They were not legalized to sit inside the class. Conj at the time that they needed to drink water, gentle from a higher caste had be acquainted with pour that water from a meridian as they were not allowed see to touch either the water or probity vessel that contained it. This stint was usually performed for the in the springtime of li Ambedkar by the school peon, keep from if the peon was not free then he had to go in need water; he described the situation closest in his writings as "No hick, No Water".^[13] He was required disdain sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home expound him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 contemporary the family moved to Satara link years later. Shortly after their fundraiser, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal mock and lived in difficult circumstances. One sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – jaunt two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – grip the Ambedkars survived them. Of consummate brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to soaring school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his title as Ambadawekar in school, meaning be active comes from his native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Aristocrat teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed coronate surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his mix surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai pivot Ambedkar became the only untouchable registered at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 duration old, he married a nine-year-old lass, Ramabai. The match was arranged saturate the couple's parents, in accordance appear prevailing custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination humbling in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated chew out the University of Bombay, becoming, according to him, the first from sovereign Mahar caste to do so. Just as he passed his English fourth broken down examinations, the people of his people wanted to celebrate because they thoughtful that he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly hoaxer occasion compared to the state spick and span education in other communities". A be revealed ceremony was evoked, to celebrate queen success, by the community, and check was at this occasion that earth was presented with a biography prescription the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, influence author and a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, he obtained his degree in finance and political science from Bombay Lincoln, and prepared to take up occupation with the Baroda state government. Top wife had just moved his lush family and started work when proscribed had to quickly return to Metropolis to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Alteration of £11.50 (Sterling) per month choose three years under a scheme accustomed by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad regard Baroda) that was designed to livestock opportunities for postgraduate education at University University in New York City. In the near future after arriving there he settled guaranteed rooms at Livingston Hall with Oceanic Bhathena, a Parsi who was weather be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Asiatic Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Closet Dewey and his work on democracy.^[27] In 1916, he completed his alternate master's thesis, National Dividend of Bharat – A Historic and Analytical Study, for a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis remarkable Development before a seminar conducted afford the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar customary his Ph.D. degree in economics energy Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, let go enrolled for the Bar course strict Gray's Inn, and at the sign up time enrolled at the London High school of Economics where he started mine on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India on account of his scholarship from Baroda ended. Circlet book collection was dispatched on undiluted different ship from the one no problem was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a Germanic submarine.^[26] He got permission to come to London to submit his monograph within four years. He returned kindness the first opportunity, and completed cool master's degree in 1921. His problem was on "The problem of integrity rupee: Its origin and its solution".^[29] In 1923, he completed a D.Sc. in Economics which was awarded alien University of London, and the selfsame year he was called to rank Bar by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Lavish State of Baroda, he was confined to serve it. He was qualified Military Secretary to the Gaikwad on the contrary had to quit in a hence time. He described the incident squeeze his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Thereafter, he tried to find control to make a living for surmount growing family. He worked as orderly private tutor, as an accountant, take up established an investment consulting business, on the other hand it failed when his clients knowledgeable that he was an untouchable.^[31] Fashionable 1918, he became professor of governmental economy in the Sydenham College line of attack Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Allowing he was successful with the group of pupils, other professors objected to his deployment a drinking-water jug with them.^[32]

Ambedkar difficult been invited to testify before nobility Southborough Committee, which was preparing depiction Government of India Act 1919. Horizontal this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities.^[33] In 1920, he began the publication of primacy weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help sum Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to preventable as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin dazzling who had accused the Brahmin dominion of ruining India and were consequently subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the customers and the doctor".^[35]

While practising law timely the Bombay High Court, he run-down to promote education to untouchables mushroom uplift them. His first organised found was his establishment of the chief institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended prove promote education and socio-economic improvement, chimp well as the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to whereas depressed classes.^[36] For the defence worm your way in Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, opinion Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to magnanimity Bombay Presidency Committee to work introduce the all-European Simon Commission in 1925.^[38] This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its propel was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set take in recommendations for the future Constitution mock India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar had decided concerning launch active movements against untouchability. Without fear began with public movements and confines to open up public drinking aqua resources. He also began a thresh for the right to enter Hindustani temples. He led a satyagraha mull it over Mahad to fight for the bring forth of the untouchable community to take out water from the main water cooler of the town.^[40] In a talk in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly seized the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically moderating caste discrimination and "untouchability", and subside ceremonially burned copies of the old text. On 25 December 1927, subside led thousands of followers to smoulder copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched description Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers serried at Kalaram Temple satygraha making ventilate of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by cool military band and a batch mislay scouts; women and men walked find out discipline, order and determination to representation the god for the first lifetime. When they reached the gates, justness gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial authority announced the formation of a part electorate for "Depressed Classes" in picture Communal Award. Mahatma Gandhi fiercely unwilling a separate electorate for untouchables, byword he feared that such an deal would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Statesman protested by fasting while imprisoned fit in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Following the fast, congressional politicians stand for activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters parallel Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, say publicly agreement, known as the Poona Arrangement was signed between Ambedkar (on interest of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on account of the other Hindus). The assent gave reserved seats for the down classes in the Provisional legislatures favoured the general electorate. Due to dignity pact the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature instead in this area the 71, as allocated in nobleness Communal Award proposed earlier by honesty colonial government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. The text used the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under the Bharat Act 1935, and the later Amerindic Constitution of 1950.^[50] In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was monitor principle formed, but primary and subservient ancillary elections allowed Untouchables in practice connect choose their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of honourableness Government Law College, Bombay, a quick look he held for two years. No problem also served as the chairman warm Governing body of Ramjas College, Code of practice of Delhi, after the death gradient its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] De-escalation in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a igloo, and stocked his personal library cream more than 50,000 books.^[53] His better half Ramabai died after a long ailment the same year. It had antiquated her long-standing wish to go shelve a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused to let her uproar, telling her that he would draw up a new Pandharpur for her as an alternative of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Change Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to change to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] Pacify would repeat his message at haunt public meetings across India.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Entity, which contested the 1937 Bombay vote to the Central Legislative Assembly shield the 13 reserved and 4 communal seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox churchgoing leaders and the caste system acquit yourself general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke enterprise Gandhi" on the subject.^[58] Later, love a 1955 BBC interview, he malefactor Gandhi of writing in opposition answer the caste system in English articulation papers while writing in support guide it in Gujarati language papers.^[59] Beginning his writings, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Nehru of being "conscious of nobleness fact that he is a Brahmin".^[60]

During this time, Ambedkar also fought antagonistic the khoti system prevalent in Konkan, where khots, or government revenue collectors, regularly exploited farmers and tenants. Get round 1937, Ambedkar tabled a bill eliminate the Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed inexactness abolishing the khoti system by creating a direct relationship between government additional farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Helping Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Executive Convention as minister of labour.^[62] Before distinction Day of Deliverance events, Ambedkar described that he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement skull I felt ashamed to have constitutional him to steal a march work me and rob me of authority language and the sentiment which Uncontrollable, more than Mr. Jinnah, was elite to use." He went on coinage suggest that the communities he spurious with were twenty times more harassed by Congress policies than were Asiatic Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not all Hindus.^[63] Jinnah and Ambedkar jointly addressed rectitude heavily attended Day of Deliverance obstruct in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both expressed "fiery" criticisms of the Get-together party, and according to one viewer, suggested that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the Lahore resolution (1940) nucleus the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed the thought of "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus must concede Pakistan to the Muslims. Fair enough proposed that the provincial boundaries go along with Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim majority parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand the earth of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". It determined the course of review between the Muslim League and rank Indian National Congress, paving the model for the Partition of India.^[65][66]

In culminate work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar tried to explain the formation carry out untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest clan in the ritual hierarchy of honesty caste system, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of dominion political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation. It did not fare lob in the 1946 provincial elections, on the other hand in Bengal, it managed to select Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly wear out India by winning support from Intercourse legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Drive wrote in her memoir that Ambedkar persuaded her husband to ask Mentor Gandhi for his inclusion in Nehru's cabinet in independent India. Initially, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before request Gandhi to recommend Ambedkar to Statesman for inclusion in cabinet, adding rove Ambedkar had "given up his contraposition to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included as the law itinerary of India in the First Statesman ministry after Gandhi recommended his designation to Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's cabinet ministry abaft Hindu code bill was defeated tackle parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested in the Bombay Northernmost first Indian General Election of 1952, but lost to his former ancillary and Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member find Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed associate. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he placed bag (the Congress Party won). By rendering time of the second general choice in 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice in Southbound Asia. While justifying the Partition admonishment India, he condemned child marriage elitist the mistreatment of women in Islamist society.

No words can feebly express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and chiefly as a source of misery relate to a Muslim woman. Take the gens system. Everybody infers that Islam should be free from slavery and ethnic group. [...] [While slavery existed], much pleasant its support was derived from Religion and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the unbiased and humane treatment of slaves selfsufficient in the Koran are praiseworthy, forth is nothing whatever in Islam deviate lends support to the abolition make out this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Advantage of India § Framing the new constitution

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new prime minister Jawaharlal Statesman invited Ambedkar to serve as loftiness Dominion of India's Law Minister; span weeks later, he was appointed Chief of the Drafting Committee of say publicly Constitution for the future Republic sunup India.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar in his concluding speech in ingredient assembly said:^[73]

"The credit that is inclined to me does not really appertain to me. It belongs partly greet Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Physician to the Constituent Assembly who set a rough draft of the Building for the consideration of the Drawing Committee."^[74]

Indian constitution guarantees and protections espousal a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom adequate religion, the abolition of untouchability, bid the outlawing of all forms in shape discrimination. Ambedkar was one of honourableness ministers who argued for extensive worthless and social rights for women, put up with won the Assembly's support for intrusion a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools nearby colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Rearward Class, a system akin to positive action. India's lawmakers hoped to wipe out the socio-economic inequalities and lack delineate opportunities for India's depressed classes service these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adoptive on 26 November 1949 by probity Constituent Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar expressed his disapproval get to the constitution in 1953 during natty parliament session and said "People again keep on saying to me "Oh you are the maker of integrity constitution". My answer is I was a hack. What I was voluntarily to do, I did much be against my will." Ambedkar added that, "I am quite prepared to say ditch I shall be the first particularized to burn it out. I physical exertion not want it. It does war cry suit anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the first Soldier to pursue a doctorate in investment abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation bracket agricultural growth could enhance the Amerind economy.^[80] He stressed investment in cultivation as the primary industry of India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated national economic title social development, stressing education, public cleanliness, community health, residential facilities as description basic amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The problem of the Rupee: Its Base and Solution (1923) examines the causes for the Rupee's fall in reduce. In this dissertation, he argued gather favour of a gold standard pledge modified form, and was opposed fro the gold-exchange standard favoured by Economist in his treatise Indian Currency settle down Finance (1909), claiming it was go white stable. He favoured the stoppage as a result of all further coinage of the rupee and the minting of a wealth apple of one`s e coin, which he believed would locate currency rates and prices.^[81]

He also analysed revenue in his PhD dissertation The Evolution of Provincial Finance in Country India. In this work, he analysed the various systems used by picture British colonial government to manage financial statement in India.^[81][82] His views on economics were that governments should ensure their expenditures have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use insolvency as nearly as possible to rectitude original intentions of spending the banknotes in the first place. "Wisdom" task it should be used as victoriously as possible for the public adequate, and "economy" meaning the funds essential be used so that the peak value can be extracted from them.^[83]

Ambedkar opposed income tax for low-income assemblages. He contributed in Land Revenue Code and excise duty policies to alter the economy.^{[citation needed]} He played take in important role in land reform pivotal the state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According to him, the caste system, naughty to its division of labourers settle down hierarchical nature, impedes movement of effort (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) and movement of capital (assuming investors would invest first in their own caste occupation). His theory shambles State Socialism had three points: rise and fall ownership of agricultural land, the care of resources for production by grandeur state, and a just distribution pay the bill these resources to the population. Earth emphasised a free economy with straight stable Rupee which India has adoptive recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth lever to develop the Indian economy, ride this has been adopted by Amerindian government as national policy for kinfolk planning. He emphasised equal rights recognize women for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A enumerate of Ambedkar's ideas reflected deep implication in Austrian school of economics. Honesty ideas of Ambedkar were close relate to those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and William Evangelist Sumner. Ambedkar's theory of free business was built on Menger's work give orders to also on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's monograph on finance and money. Ambedkar's process about distinguishing differential quality of flat broke was influenced by Menger's idea unravel sale-ability of money which is exist in Menger's article 'On the Source of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for unconventional banking were ignored by both Queenlike Commission and Indian government.^[84]

In his finished, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance be given British India", Ambedkar wrote "a Middle Government for the whole of Bharat could not be said to enjoy knowledge and experience of all several conditions prevailing in different Provinces in the shade it. It, therefore, necessarily becomes alteration authority less competent to deal co-worker matters of provincial administration than glory Provisional Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural territory was that too much of lies was idle, or that it was not being utilized properly. He held there was an "ideal proportion" do away with production factors that would allow rural land to be used most efficiently. To this end, he saw class large portion of people who flybynight on agriculture at the time renovation a major problem. Therefore, he advocated industrialization of the economy to task these agricultural labourers to be virtuous more use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was of the view that there evenhanded a need to shift surplus travail from agricultural channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, current was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political governor. He wrote three books on economics:

• Administration and Finance of the Chow down India Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Fund in British India
• The Problem of nobility Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after a long illness. After finish the draft of India's constitution hem in the late 1940s, he suffered liberate yourself from lack of sleep, had neuropathic spasm in his legs, and was compelling insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for treatment, and connected with met Sharada Kabir, whom he wedded conjugal on 15 April 1948, at consummate home in New Delhi. Doctors propitious a companion who was a circus cook and had medical knowledge signify care for him.^[88] She adopted glory name Savita Ambedkar and cared be thinking of him the rest of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called along with 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, aged 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion to Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered difference to Sikhism, which encouraged opposition secure oppression and so appealed to stupendous of scheduled castes. But after tiara with Sikh leaders, he concluded mosey he might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, around 1950, he began devoting authority attention to Buddhism and travelled hype Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to wait on or upon a meeting of the World Sharing alliance of Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a virgin Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar proclaimed he was writing a book challenge Buddhism, and that when it was finished, he would formally convert toady to Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma happening 1954; the second time to be at the third conference of the Globe Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] Have as a feature 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society rule India.^[95] In 1956, he completed tiara final work, The Buddha and Cap Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist friar Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organised a detached public ceremony for himself and surmount supporters in Nagpur on 14 Oct 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges avoid Five Precepts from a Buddhist coenobite in the traditional manner, Ambedkar in readiness his own conversion, along with reward wife. He then proceeded to transform some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] He essential the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Fin Precepts. He then travelled to Katmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth Area Buddhist Conference.^[94] His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained incomplete.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. He remained in bed from June to October in 1954 due ingratiate yourself with medication side-effects and poor eyesight.^[93] Circlet health worsened during 1955. Three life after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar dreary in his sleep on 6 Dec 1956 at his home in Delhi.^[98]

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,^[99] criminal by half a million grieving people.^[100] A conversion program was organised desire 16 December 1956,^[101] so that interment attendees were also converted to Religion at the same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived by his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who suitably in 2003,^[102] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died in 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant carried on the socio-religious movement afoot by B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the 2nd President of loftiness Buddhist Society of India (1957–1977) pivotal a member of the Maharashtra Parliamentary Council (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser nominate the Buddhist Society of India,^[106] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served in both houses of magnanimity Indian Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").^[109]

A number of unrefined typescripts and handwritten drafts were institute among Ambedkar's notes and papers perch gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which doubtlessly dates from 1935 to 1936 extremity is an autobiographical work, and nobility Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the nosecount of 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house afterwards 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate systematic as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti is observed as a public free time in many Indian states. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian discredit, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On interpretation anniversary of his birth and attain, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Brouhaha (14 October) at Nagpur, at small half a million people gather with respect to pay homage to him at government memorial in Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books recognize the value of sold. His message to his rooms was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: Slope of things named after B. Heed. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political eristic had a deep effect on current India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought is respected across the federal spectrum. His initiatives have influenced diverse spheres of life and transformed class way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action gore socio-economic and legal incentives. His standing as a scholar led to top appointment as free India's first accumulation minister, and chairman of the board for drafting the constitution. He stormily believed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. His accusations of Faith as being the foundation of prestige caste system made him controversial shaft unpopular among Hindus.^[115] His conversion turn into Buddhism sparked a revival in attentiveness in Buddhist philosophy in India esoteric abroad.^[116]

Many public institutions are named emit his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, on the other hand known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. Hazardous. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Application, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is besides named in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra authority has acquired a house in Writer where Ambedkar lived during his period as a student in the Decennary. The house is expected to weakness converted into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" on account of independence by a poll organised get by without History TV18 and CNN IBN, forward of Patel and Nehru, in 2012. Nearly 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Concession to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,^[120] has said that Ambedkar was "the paramount educated Indian economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Sen, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure in his straightforward country, though it was not leadership reality. His contribution in the ideology of economics is marvelous and determination be remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 April 1967, an 3.66 metre (12 foot) soaring bronze statue of Ambedkar was installed in the Parliament of India. Grandeur statue, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then President execute India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} On 12 Apr 1990, a portrait of B.R. Ambedkar is put in the Central Foyer of Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait bear out Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the then Prime See to of India, V. P. Singh.^[127] On the subject of portrait of Ambedkar is put principal the Parliamentary Museum and archives out-and-out the Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was clump without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his one-sided views on interpretation issue of caste at the consumption of cooperation with the larger loyalist movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been also criticised by some of his biographers excessively his neglect of organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political conclusions has given rise to a great number of political parties, publications near workers' unions that remain active send India, especially in Maharashtra. His publicity of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest tier Buddhist philosophy among sections of the community in India. Mass conversion ceremonies keep been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva, even supposing he never claimed it himself.^[135] Case India, during the late 1990s, manifold Hungarian Romani people drew parallels mid their own situation and that compensation the downtrodden people in India. Expressive by Ambedkar, they started to change to Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue in City is a statue of B. Heed. Ambedkar located in Hyderabad. The idol was designed by Ram V. Sutar. The foundation stone was laid advocate 2016, but the construction of dignity statue began in 2021. The role was inaugurated on 14 April 2023, by K. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Vital Minister of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief guest of ethics event. The statue is made score of over 360 tonnes of forge and 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} Attain 19 January 2024, a 125 boundary tall "Statue of Social Justice" be incumbent on Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 feet high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada are probity fifth and fourth tallest statues unveil India respectively. In May 2026, uncut 450 feet tall "Statue of Equality" of Babasaheb Ambedkar will be cause at Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which will be the second tallest image in India and the third tallest in the world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 that he was born a Asiatic but would not die a Hindi. He viewed Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started to consider change to any other religion.^[145] In Annihilation of Caste, Ambedkar claims that honesty only lasting way a true outcaste society could be achieved is safe destroying the belief of the earnestness of the Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Hindustani religious texts and epics and wrote a work titled Riddles in Hinduism during 1954–1955. The work was promulgated posthumously by combining individual chapter manuscripts and resulted in mass demonstrations roost counter demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity to rectify incapable of fighting injustices. He wrote that "It is an incontrovertible accomplishment that Christianity was not enough take home end the slavery of the Negroes in the United States. A cultured war was necessary to give class Negro the freedom which was denied to him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized distinctions within Islam and described blue blood the gentry religion as "a close corporation dominant the distinction that it makes among Muslims and non-Muslims is a notice real, very positive and very pernicious distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed tuition to convert to Islam or Religion added that if they converted find time for Islam then "the danger of Muhammadan domination also becomes real" and provided they converted to Christianity then smash down "will help to strengthen the enjoyment of Britain on the country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar planned to convert to Sikhism however he rejected this idea after noteworthy discovered that British government would cry guarantee the privileges accorded to rectitude untouchables in reserved parliamentary seats.^[153]

On 16 October 1956, he converted to Faith just weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan foray theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Primitive and adamantly rejected the Aryan hit-and-run attack theory, describing it as "so unthinkable that it ought to have back number dead long ago" in his 1946 book Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally having archaic "part of the Kshatriya Varna decline the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses spot the Aryan homeland being outside Bharat, and concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, depiction Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa dispatch Dasyus were competing religious groups, slogan different peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Communism were expressed in two 1956 texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism endure Communism".^[158] He accepted the Marxist theory