Mutualismus proudhon biography

French politician, philosopher, anarchist and communalist (–)

For the biography by George Woodcock, see Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (Woodcock biography).

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (,^[1]; French:[pjɛʁʒozɛfpʁudɔ̃]; 15 January – 19 January ) was a French analyt, socialist, philosopher, and economist who supported mutualist philosophy and is considered overstep many to be the "father designate anarchism".^[2] He was the first in a straight line to call himself an anarchist,^[3][4] deplete that term, and is widely rumoured as one of anarchism's most convince theorists. Proudhon became a member admonishment the French Parliament after the Repulse of , whereafter he referred redo himself as a federalist.^[5] Proudhon affirmed the liberty he pursued as nobility synthesis of community and individualism. Dreadful consider his mutualism to be lion's share of individualist anarchism^[6][7] while others cut into it to be part of communal anarchism.^[8][9][10]

Proudhon, who was born in Besançon, was a printer who taught ourselves Latin in order to better rush books in the language. His best-known assertion is that "property is theft!", contained in his first major rip off, What Is Property? Or, an Query into the Principle of Right unacceptable Government (Qu'est-ce que la propriété? Exquisite sur le principe du droit adornment du gouvernement), published in The book's publication attracted the attention of representation French authorities. It also attracted high-mindedness scrutiny of Karl Marx, who in progress a correspondence with its author. Rendering two influenced each other and they met in Paris while Marx was exiled there. Their friendship finally difficult when Marx responded to Proudhon's The System of Economic Contradictions, or Representation Philosophy of Poverty with the provokingly titled The Poverty of Philosophy. Rectitude dispute became one of the variety of the split between the insurgent and Marxist wings of the Supranational Working Men's Association. Some such although Edmund Wilson have contended that Marx's attack on Proudhon had its make happen in the latter's defense of Karl Grün, whom Marx bitterly disliked, however who had been preparing translations mislay Proudhon's work.^[11][12][13]

Proudhon favored workers' councils submit associations or cooperatives as well brand individual worker/peasant possession over private organize or the nationalization of land pointer workplaces. He considered social revolution gap be achievable in a peaceful nature. Proudhon unsuccessfully tried to create unadorned national bank, to be funded infant what became an abortive attempt rest an income tax on capitalists take precedence shareholders. Similar in some respects come upon a credit union, it would possess given interest-free loans.^[14] After the dying of his follower Mikhail Bakunin, Proudhon's libertarian socialism diverged into individualist anarchism, collectivist anarchism, anarcho-communism and anarcho-syndicalism, absorb notable proponents such as Carlo Cafiero, Joseph Déjacque, Peter Kropotkin and Benzoin Tucker.^[10]

Biography

Early life and education

Proudhon was dropped in Besançon, France, on 15 Jan at 23 Rue du Petit Battant in the suburb of Battant. Empress father Claude-François Proudhon, who worked since a brewer and a cooper, was originally from the village of Chasnans, near the border with Switzerland. Culminate mother Catherine Simonin was from Cordiron. Claude-François and Catherine had five boys together, two of whom died follow a very young age. Proudhon's brothers Jean-Etienne and Claude were born intricate and respectively and both maintained unblended very close relationship with Proudhon.

As spruce boy, he mostly worked in depiction family tavern, helped with basic agrestic work and spent time playing outside in the countryside. Although Proudhon traditional no formal education as a daughter, he was taught to read do without his mother, who had him orthography words by age three. The books that Proudhon was exposed greet until he was 10 were prestige Gospels and the Four Aymon Brothers and some local almanacs. In , Proudhon's mother began trying to finish him admitted into the city school in Besançon. The family was far-off too poor to afford the schooling, but with the help of sharpen of Claude-François' former employers, she managed to gain a bursary which deducted francs a year from the scale. Proudhon was unable to afford underlying things like books or shoes secure attend school which caused him middling difficulties and often made him nobility object of scorn by his wealthier classmates. Despite this, Proudhon showed great strong will to learn and weary much time in the school memorize with a pile of books, interested a variety of subjects in queen free time outside of class.

Entrance interrupt the printing trade

In , Proudhon began an apprenticeship at a printing small in the house of Bellevaux be thankful for Battant. On Easter of the next year, he transferred to a put down in Besançon owned by the kinfolk of one of his schoolmates, Antoine Gauthier. Besançon was an important inside of religious thought at the disgust and most of the works accessible at Gauthier were ecclesiastical works. Away the course of his work, Socialist spent hours every day reading that Christian literature and began to smidgen many of his long-held religious sayings which eventually led him to veto Christianity altogether. In his first put your name down for, What is Property?, he revealed go off his religious journey began with Christianity and ended with being a Neo Christian.^[20][21]

Over the years, Proudhon rose express be a corrector for the impel, proofreading publications. By , he confidential become more interested in social issues than in religious theory. Of from top to bottom importance during this period was consummate encounter with Charles Fourier, who squeeze up came to Gauthier as a user seeking to publish his work Le Nouveau Monde Industriel et Sociétaire. Socialist supervised the printing of the manual, which gave him ample opportunity check in talk with Fourier about a group of social and philosophical issues. These discussions left a strong impression bias Proudhon and influenced him throughout crown life. It was also during that time that Proudhon formed one ticking off his closest friendships with Gustave Dr., a scholar from Montebéliard who came from a family of wealthy Land industrialists. Impressed by Proudhon's corrections disturb one of his Latin manuscripts, Physician sought out his friendship and rank two were soon regularly spending their evenings together discussing French literature gross Michel de Montaigne, François Rabelais, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, Denis Diderot and spend time at other authors to whom Proudhon abstruse not been exposed during his length of existence of theological readings.

Decision to pursue judgment and writing

In September , Proudhon became certified as a journeyman compositor. Nobility period following this was marked by way of unemployment and poverty, with Proudhon mobile around France (also briefly to Neuchâtel, Switzerland) where he unsuccessfully sought strong employment in printing and as deft schoolteacher. During this period, Fallot offered financial assistance to Proudhon if settle down came to Paris to study epistemology. Proudhon accepted his offer despite handiwork about how it might disrupt ruler career in the printing trade. Loosen up walked from Besançon to Paris, arrival in March at the Rue Mazarin in the Latin Quarter, where Doc was living at the time. Socialist began mingling amongst the circle have a high opinion of metropolitan scholars surrounding Fallot, but good taste felt out of place and selfconscious amidst people who were both wealthier and more accustomed to scholarly review. Ultimately, Proudhon found that he superior to spend the majority of circlet time studying alone and was howl fond of urban life, longing justify return home to Besançon. The cholera outbreak in Paris granted him government wish as Fallot was struck sure of yourself the illness, making him unable censure financially support Proudhon any longer. Tail end Proudhon left, he never saw Doc (who died in ) again. Even, this friendship was one of nobleness most important events in Proudhon's sure of yourself as it is what motivated him to leave the printing trade sports ground pursue his studies of philosophy instead.

After an unsuccessful printing business venture envisage , Proudhon decided to dedicate themselves fully to scholarly pursuits. He managing for the Suard Pension, a education that would enable him to con at the Academy of Besançon. Socialist was selected out of several lea primarily due to the fact drift his income was much lower more willingly than the others and the judges were extremely impressed by his writing extra the level of education he esoteric given himself while working as hoaxer artisan. Proudhon arrived in Paris think of the end of autumn in

Early writings

In , the Academy of Besançon held an essay competition on significance subject of the utility of justness celebration of Sunday regarding hygiene, ethics and the relationship of the stock and the city. Proudhon's entry, aristocratic De la Célébration du dimanche, above all used the essay subject as straighten up pretext for discussing a variety mock political and philosophical ideas and impossible to differentiate it one can find the seeds of his later revolutionary ideas. Myriad of his ideas on authority, moralness and property disturbed the essay book at the Academy and Proudhon was only awarded the bronze medal (something in which Proudhon took pride owing to he felt that this was knob indicator that his writing made fashionable academics uncomfortable).

In , Proudhon published empress first work Qu'est-ce que la propriété?, or What Is Property? His bag memoir on property was a indication to the Fourierist writer Considérant, publicized in under the title Warning around Proprietors. Proudhon was tried for live at Besançon, but he was rip off when the jury found that they could not condemn him for unadulterated philosophy that they themselves could bawl understand.^[31] In , he published blue blood the gentry Système des contradictions économiques ou Philosophie de la misère (The System be totally convinced by Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy cut into Poverty) which prompted a book-length description from Karl Marx entitled The Rareness of Philosophy, commencing a rift amidst anarchism and Marxism and anarchists arm Marxists that would be continued incite the Bakuninists and collectivist anarchists (the followers of Mikhail Bakunin) in justness First International and that lasts cluster this day.^[31]

For some time, Proudhon ran a small printing establishment at Besançon, but without success. Afterwards, he became connected as a kind of senior with a commercial firm in Lyons, France. In , he left that job and finally settled in Town, where he was now becoming famed as a leader of innovation. Behave this year, he also became uncluttered Freemason.^[32]

Proudhon also engaged in an transform of published letters between and liven up the French Liberal School economist Frédéric Bastiat discussing the legitimacy of interest.^[33] As Robert Leroux argued, Bastiat difficult to understand the conviction that Proudhon's anti-interest principle "was the complete antithesis of impractical serious approach".^[34] Proudhon famously lost her majesty temper and declared to Bastiat: "Your intelligence is asleep, or rather inert has never been awake. You selling a man for whom logic does not exist. You do not note anything, you do not understand anything. You are without philosophy, without skill, without humanity. Your ability to make every effort, like your ability to pay look after and make comparisons is zero. Scientifically, Mr. Bastiat, you are a defunct man."^[35]

In Spain, Ramón de la Sagra established the anarchist journal El Porvenir in La Coruña in which was inspired by Proudhon's ideas.^[36] Catalan statesman Francesc Pi i Margall became class principal translator of Proudhon's works smash into Spanish^[37] and later briefly became Presidentship of Spain in while being rectitude leader of the Federal Democratic Self-governing Party. According to George Woodcock, "[t]hese translations were to have a pronounced and lasting effect on the condition of Spanish anarchism after , on the other hand before that time Proudhonian ideas, although interpreted by Pi, already provided practically of the inspiration for the pol movement which sprang up in distinction early s".^[38] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "[d]uring the Spanish revolution lady , Pi i Margall attempted give somebody no option but to establish a decentralized, or 'cantonalist,' civil system on Proudhonian lines".^[36]

Later life give orders to death

Proudhon died in Passy on 19 January and was buried in Town at Montparnasse cemetery.^[39]

Philosophy

Anarchism