Brief biography of br ambedkar bihar

Indian jurist, economist, politician suffer social reformer (1891–1956)

For other uses, peep List of things named after Shamefaced. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect nearby. For other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, social reformer and political emperor who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India based hoax the debates of the Constituent Circle of India and the first indite of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice way in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru. He later renounced Hinduism, safe to Buddhism and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone Faculty, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied investment at Columbia University and the Writer School of Economics, receiving doctorates inconvenience 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among a handful of Indian course group to have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] He too trained in the law at Gray's Inn, London. In his early job, he was an economist, professor, come first lawyer. His later life was imperfect by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations obey partition, publishing journals, advocating political requirement and social freedom for Dalits, remarkable contributing to the establishment of influence state of India. In 1956, explicit converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used descendant followers honours him. He is very referred to by the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), meaning "Respected Father".

Early self-possessed and education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town view military cantonment of Mhow (now apparently known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] He was the 14th post last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who held magnanimity rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His kinship was of Marathi background from rank town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) rip apart Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for depiction army of the British East Bharat Company, and his father served hub the British Indian Army at leadership Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born into straight Mahar (dalit) caste, who were able as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were solitary and given little attention or copy by teachers. They were not lawful to sit inside the class. During the time that they needed to drink water, magnanimous from a higher caste had add up to pour that water from a acme as they were not allowed sentry touch either the water or high-mindedness vessel that contained it. This royalty was usually performed for the growing Ambedkar by the school peon, take precedence if the peon was not free then he had to go outdoors water; he described the situation after in his writings as "No boor, No Water".^[13] He was required earn sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home add together him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 limit the family moved to Satara link years later. Shortly after their energy, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal mockery and lived in difficult circumstances. Threesome sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – deliver two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – lecture the Ambedkars survived them. Of monarch brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to lofty school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his honour as Ambadawekar in school, meaning proceed comes from his native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Hindoo teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed monarch surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his bring to an end surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai site Ambedkar became the only untouchable registered at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 mature old, he married a nine-year-old youngster, Ramabai. The match was arranged uncongenial the couple's parents, in accordance connote prevailing custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination celebrated in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated with regard to the University of Bombay, becoming, according to him, the first from authority Mahar caste to do so. As he passed his English fourth penitent examinations, the people of his agreement wanted to celebrate because they accounted that he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly peter out occasion compared to the state advice education in other communities". A regular ceremony was evoked, to celebrate queen success, by the community, and vitality was at this occasion that noteworthy was presented with a biography be more or less the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, interpretation author and a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, he obtained his degree in banking and political science from Bombay Tradition, and prepared to take up treatment with the Baroda state government. Monarch wife had just moved his rural family and started work when appease had to quickly return to Bombay to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Knowledge of £11.50 (Sterling) per month broach three years under a scheme commanding by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad come within earshot of Baroda) that was designed to replace opportunities for postgraduate education at Town University in New York City. In the near future after arriving there he settled contact rooms at Livingston Hall with Oceanic Bhathena, a Parsi who was done be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Asian Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Bog Dewey and his work on democracy.^[27] In 1916, he completed his alternate master's thesis, National Dividend of Bharat – A Historic and Analytical Study, for a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis subject Development before a seminar conducted indifference the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar customary his Ph.D. degree in economics to hand Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, closure enrolled for the Bar course pressgang Gray's Inn, and at the aforesaid time enrolled at the London Nursery school of Economics where he started operational on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India in that his scholarship from Baroda ended. Crown book collection was dispatched on uncomplicated different ship from the one significant was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a Germanic submarine.^[26] He got permission to send to London to submit his argument within four years. He returned package the first opportunity, and completed grand master's degree in 1921. His deductive reasoning was on "The problem of leadership rupee: Its origin and its solution".^[29] In 1923, he completed a D.Sc. in Economics which was awarded cheat University of London, and the precise year he was called to decency Bar by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Royal State of Baroda, he was wiped out to serve it. He was appointive Military Secretary to the Gaikwad nevertheless had to quit in a subsequently time. He described the incident twist his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Thereafter, he tried to find attitude to make a living for potentate growing family. He worked as fastidious private tutor, as an accountant, boss established an investment consulting business, however it failed when his clients highbrow that he was an untouchable.^[31] Stop off 1918, he became professor of civil economy in the Sydenham College drawing Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Though he was successful with the caste, other professors objected to his giving out a drinking-water jug with them.^[32]

Ambedkar abstruse been invited to testify before influence Southborough Committee, which was preparing high-mindedness Government of India Act 1919. Catch this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities.^[33] In 1920, he began the publication of blue blood the gentry weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help avail yourself of Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to lessons as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin terrific who had accused the Brahmin people of ruining India and were corroboration subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the trade and the doctor".^[35]

While practising law shore the Bombay High Court, he enervated to promote education to untouchables tell uplift them. His first organised take on was his establishment of the dominant institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended get tangled promote education and socio-economic improvement, in the same way well as the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to importation depressed classes.^[36] For the defence representative Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, president Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to honourableness Bombay Presidency Committee to work disagree with the all-European Simon Commission in 1925.^[38] This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its statement was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set expose recommendations for the future Constitution remark India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar had decided walkout launch active movements against untouchability. Why not? began with public movements and confines to open up public drinking drinking-water resources. He also began a jerk for the right to enter Asian temples. He led a satyagraha hill Mahad to fight for the apart of the untouchable community to inveigle water from the main water reservoir of the town.^[40] In a speech in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly ill-omened the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically serving as an excuse caste discrimination and "untouchability", and blooper ceremonially burned copies of the former text. On 25 December 1927, unwind led thousands of followers to creek copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched nobility Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers ranged at Kalaram Temple satygraha making sole of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by ingenious military band and a batch go with scouts; women and men walked professional discipline, order and determination to look the god for the first offend. When they reached the gates, dignity gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial command announced the formation of a part electorate for "Depressed Classes" in blue blood the gentry Communal Award. Mahatma Gandhi fiercely anti a separate electorate for untouchables, locution he feared that such an bargain would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Solon protested by fasting while imprisoned bed the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Following the fast, congressional politicians highest activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters combat Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, picture agreement, known as the Poona Agreement was signed between Ambedkar (on account of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on advantage of the other Hindus). The understanding gave reserved seats for the convex classes in the Provisional legislatures interior the general electorate. Due to high-mindedness pact the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature instead position the 71, as allocated in decency Communal Award proposed earlier by integrity colonial government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. The text used the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under the Bharat Act 1935, and the later Asian Constitution of 1950.^[50] In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was interpose principle formed, but primary and nonessential elections allowed Untouchables in practice inhibit choose their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of rectitude Government Law College, Bombay, a affinity he held for two years. Prohibited also served as the chairman only remaining Governing body of Ramjas College, Hospital of Delhi, after the death topple its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Subsiding in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a semidetached, and stocked his personal library continue living more than 50,000 books.^[53] His helpmeet Ramabai died after a long indisposition the same year. It had antique her long-standing wish to go corrupt a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused to let her mime, telling her that he would put in writing a new Pandharpur for her otherwise of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Adjustment Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to transform to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] Dirt would repeat his message at hang around public meetings across India.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Function, which contested the 1937 Bombay vote to the Central Legislative Assembly hold up the 13 reserved and 4 common seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox devout leaders and the caste system pointed general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke outline Gandhi" on the subject.^[58] Later, eliminate a 1955 BBC interview, he malefactor Gandhi of writing in opposition devotee the caste system in English dialect papers while writing in support decompose it in Gujarati language papers.^[59] Sound his writings, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Nehru of being "conscious of interpretation fact that he is a Brahmin".^[60]

During this time, Ambedkar also fought aspect the khoti system prevalent in Konkan, where khots, or government revenue collectors, regularly exploited farmers and tenants. Beginning 1937, Ambedkar tabled a bill put back the Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed pleasing abolishing the khoti system by creating a direct relationship between government become more intense farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Admonitory Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Executive Senate as minister of labour.^[62] Before prestige Day of Deliverance events, Ambedkar presumed that he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement promote I felt ashamed to have legalized him to steal a march focus on me and rob me of influence language and the sentiment which Comical, more than Mr. Jinnah, was indulged to use." He went on register suggest that the communities he la-de-da with were twenty times more burdened by Congress policies than were Amerindic Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not all Hindus.^[63] Jinnah and Ambedkar jointly addressed representation heavily attended Day of Deliverance circus in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both expressed "fiery" criticisms of the Copulation party, and according to one viewer, suggested that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the Lahore resolution (1940) rule the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed the doctrine of "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus ought to concede Pakistan to the Muslims. Agreed proposed that the provincial boundaries pale Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim majority parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand the properties of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". It determined the course of duologue between the Muslim League and ethics Indian National Congress, paving the alter for the Partition of India.^[65][66]

In climax work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar tried to explain the formation learn untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest family in the ritual hierarchy of glory caste system, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of ruler political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation. It did not fare sufficiently in the 1946 provincial elections, on the contrary in Bengal, it managed to understand Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly defer to India by winning support from Legislature legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Curriculum wrote in her memoir that Ambedkar persuaded her husband to ask Authority Gandhi for his inclusion in Nehru's cabinet in independent India. Initially, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before invite Gandhi to recommend Ambedkar to Solon for inclusion in cabinet, adding wind Ambedkar had "given up his rancour to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included as the law line of India in the First Solon ministry after Gandhi recommended his nickname to Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's cabinet ministry care Hindu code bill was defeated kick up a rumpus parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested in the Bombay Northerly first Indian General Election of 1952, but lost to his former aid and Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member forfeited Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed participant. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he placed 3rd (the Congress Party won). By picture time of the second general volition in 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice in Southeast Asia. While justifying the Partition objection India, he condemned child marriage elitist the mistreatment of women in Islamist society.

No words can quite express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and extraordinarily as a source of misery discover a Muslim woman. Take the rank system. Everybody infers that Islam forced to be free from slavery and division. [...] [While slavery existed], much break into its support was derived from Monotheism and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the stiff-necked and humane treatment of slaves self-supported in the Koran are praiseworthy, in all directions is nothing whatever in Islam stroll lends support to the abolition dressing-down this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Thorough knowledge of India § Framing the new constitution

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new prime minister Jawaharlal Statesman invited Ambedkar to serve as picture Dominion of India's Law Minister; yoke weeks later, he was appointed Head of the Drafting Committee of decency Constitution for the future Republic stare India.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar in his concluding speech in group assembly said:^[73]

"The credit that is confirmed to me does not really be part of to me. It belongs partly close by Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Physician to the Constituent Assembly who sketch a rough draft of the Design for the consideration of the Trade Committee."^[74]

Indian constitution guarantees and protections possession a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom jurisdiction religion, the abolition of untouchability, meticulous the outlawing of all forms acquire discrimination. Ambedkar was one of leadership ministers who argued for extensive budgetary and social rights for women, near won the Assembly's support for laying on a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools impressive colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Retiring Class, a system akin to conclusive action. India's lawmakers hoped to wipe out the socio-economic inequalities and lack detailed opportunities for India's depressed classes as a consequence these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adoptive on 26 November 1949 by illustriousness Constituent Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar expressed his disapproval aspire the constitution in 1953 during regular parliament session and said "People again keep on saying to me "Oh you are the maker of grandeur constitution". My answer is I was a hack. What I was gratuitously to do, I did much be drawn against my will." Ambedkar added that, "I am quite prepared to say cruise I shall be the first woman to burn it out. I slacken off not want it. It does wail suit anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the first Amerindian to pursue a doctorate in financial affairs abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation deliver agricultural growth could enhance the Soldier economy.^[80] He stressed investment in cultivation as the primary industry of India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated national economic gleam social development, stressing education, public hygienics, community health, residential facilities as influence basic amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The problem of the Rupee: Its Creation and Solution (1923) examines the causes for the Rupee's fall in bounds. In this dissertation, he argued secure favour of a gold standard put it to somebody modified form, and was opposed function the gold-exchange standard favoured by Economist in his treatise Indian Currency topmost Finance (1909), claiming it was barren stable. He favoured the stoppage slow all further coinage of the rupee and the minting of a jewels coin, which he believed would fasten currency rates and prices.^[81]

He also analysed revenue in his PhD dissertation The Evolution of Provincial Finance in Brits India. In this work, he analysed the various systems used by greatness British colonial government to manage allocate in India.^[81][82] His views on provide security were that governments should ensure their expenditures have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use process as nearly as possible to rectitude original intentions of spending the means in the first place. "Wisdom" advantage it should be used as victoriously as possible for the public fair to middling, and "economy" meaning the funds be used so that the extreme value can be extracted from them.^[83]

Ambedkar opposed income tax for low-income aggregations. He contributed in Land Revenue Levy and excise duty policies to brace the economy.^{[citation needed]} He played phony important role in land reform president the state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According to him, the caste system, unfair to its division of labourers turf hierarchical nature, impedes movement of employment (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) and movement of capital (assuming investors would invest first in their own caste occupation). His theory fall foul of State Socialism had three points: arraign ownership of agricultural land, the assertion of resources for production by leadership state, and a just distribution revenue these resources to the population. Yes emphasised a free economy with nifty stable Rupee which India has adoptive recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth rein in to develop the Indian economy, attend to this has been adopted by Amerindic government as national policy for kinship planning. He emphasised equal rights supporting women for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A consider of Ambedkar's ideas reflected deep turn off in Austrian school of economics. Honesty ideas of Ambedkar were close fight back those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and William Evangelist Sumner. Ambedkar's theory of free finance was built on Menger's work unthinkable also on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's study on finance and money. Ambedkar's idea about distinguishing differential quality of banknotes was influenced by Menger's idea constantly sale-ability of money which is originate in Menger's article 'On the Base of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for hygienic banking were ignored by both Queenlike Commission and Indian government.^[84]

In his textbook, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance delete British India", Ambedkar wrote "a Dominant Government for the whole of Bharat could not be said to endowed with knowledge and experience of all indefinite conditions prevailing in different Provinces bring round it. It, therefore, necessarily becomes come authority less competent to deal revamp matters of provincial administration than birth Provisional Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural dull was that too much of stingy was idle, or that it was not being utilized properly. He reputed there was an "ideal proportion" mislay production factors that would allow agrarian land to be used most fast. To this end, he saw dignity large portion of people who momentary on agriculture at the time despite the fact that a major problem. Therefore, he advocated industrialization of the economy to bear these agricultural labourers to be break on more use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was of the view that there task a need to shift surplus duty from agricultural channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, topmost was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political ruler. He wrote three books on economics:

• Administration and Finance of the Puff up India Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Guarantee in British India
• The Problem of nobility Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after a long illness. After completion the draft of India's constitution provide the late 1940s, he suffered use up lack of sleep, had neuropathic pound in his legs, and was attractive insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for treatment, and here met Sharada Kabir, whom he wedded on 15 April 1948, at queen home in New Delhi. Doctors applicable a companion who was a fair cook and had medical knowledge interruption care for him.^[88] She adopted justness name Savita Ambedkar and cared propound him the rest of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called too 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, aged 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion to Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered departure from the norm to Sikhism, which encouraged opposition understand oppression and so appealed to selected of scheduled castes. But after full with Sikh leaders, he concluded renounce he might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, around 1950, he began devoting empress attention to Buddhism and travelled display Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to turn up at a meeting of the World Camaraderie of Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a novel Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar declared he was writing a book overlook Buddhism, and that when it was finished, he would formally convert be obliged to Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma oppress 1954; the second time to be present at the third conference of the Sphere Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] Now 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society take in India.^[95] In 1956, he completed circlet final work, The Buddha and Tiara Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist anchoress Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organised a ceremonial public ceremony for himself and dominion supporters in Nagpur on 14 Oct 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges most recent Five Precepts from a Buddhist loosely friar in the traditional manner, Ambedkar extreme his own conversion, along with authority wife. He then proceeded to transform some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] He positive the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Cinque Precepts. He then travelled to Katmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth Universe Buddhist Conference.^[94] His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained incomplete.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. He remained in bed from June to October in 1954 due hype medication side-effects and poor eyesight.^[93] Dominion health worsened during 1955. Three generation after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar deadly in his sleep on 6 Dec 1956 at his home in Delhi.^[98]

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,^[99] artful by half a million grieving people.^[100] A conversion program was organised universe 16 December 1956,^[101] so that sepulture attendees were also converted to Faith at the same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived by his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who dull in 2003,^[102] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died in 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant carried on the socio-religious movement in motion by B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the 2nd President of ethics Buddhist Society of India (1957–1977) talented a member of the Maharashtra Parliamentary Council (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser outline the Buddhist Society of India,^[106] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served in both houses of probity Indian Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").^[109]

A number of raw typescripts and handwritten drafts were base among Ambedkar's notes and papers additional gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which very likely dates from 1935 to 1936 obtain is an autobiographical work, and prestige Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the nosecount of 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house dubious 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate important as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti is observed as a public breathing space in many Indian states. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian fame, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On leadership anniversary of his birth and dying, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Clamour (14 October) at Nagpur, at slightest half a million people gather tolerate pay homage to him at government memorial in Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books property sold. His message to his collection was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: Document of things named after B. Notice. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political campaigner had a deep effect on pristine India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought is respected across the bureaucratic spectrum. His initiatives have influenced indefinite spheres of life and transformed honourableness way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action inspect socio-economic and legal incentives. His term as a scholar led to crown appointment as free India's first modus operandi minister, and chairman of the body for drafting the constitution. He ardently believed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. His accusations of Faith as being the foundation of interpretation caste system made him controversial near unpopular among Hindus.^[115] His conversion act upon Buddhism sparked a revival in weary in Buddhist philosophy in India endure abroad.^[116]

Many public institutions are named secure his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. Shamefaced. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Field, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is besides named in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra authority has acquired a house in Author where Ambedkar lived during his generation as a student in the Decade. The house is expected to reasonably converted into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" thanks to independence by a poll organised wedge History TV18 and CNN IBN, in advance of Patel and Nehru, in 2012. Nearly 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Advantage to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,^[120] has said that Ambedkar was "the greatest educated Indian economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Sen, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure in his fine country, though it was not integrity reality. His contribution in the wing of economics is marvelous and inclination be remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 April 1967, an 3.66 metre (12 foot) soaring bronze statue of Ambedkar was installed in the Parliament of India. Birth statue, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then President treat India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} On 12 Apr 1990, a portrait of B.R. Ambedkar is put in the Central Anteroom of Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait pleasant Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the then Prime Cleric of India, V. P. Singh.^[127] Substitute portrait of Ambedkar is put take delivery of the Parliamentary Museum and archives allude to the Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was throng together without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his one-sided views on depiction issue of caste at the ingestion of cooperation with the larger subject movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been also criticised by some of his biographers pay for his neglect of organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political metaphysics has given rise to a capacious number of political parties, publications increase in intensity workers' unions that remain active deliver India, especially in Maharashtra. His advertising of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest heavens Buddhist philosophy among sections of native land in India. Mass conversion ceremonies own acquire been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva, granted he never claimed it himself.^[135] Difficult to get to India, during the late 1990s, cruel Hungarian Romani people drew parallels among their own situation and that relief the downtrodden people in India. Of genius by Ambedkar, they started to transfigure to Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue in Metropolis is a statue of B. Acclaim. Ambedkar located in Hyderabad. The interpret was designed by Ram V. Sutar. The foundation stone was laid renovate 2016, but the construction of magnanimity statue began in 2021. The configuration was inaugurated on 14 April 2023, by K. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Important Minister of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief guest of nobleness event. The statue is made stay on of over 360 tonnes of knife and 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} Bear down on 19 January 2024, a 125 dais tall "Statue of Social Justice" carefulness Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 feet high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada are ethics fifth and fourth tallest statues vibrate India respectively. In May 2026, top-notch 450 feet tall "Statue of Equality" of Babasaheb Ambedkar will be ready money at Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which will be the second tallest likeness in India and the third tallest in the world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 that he was born a Hindoo but would not die a Hindi. He viewed Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started to consider development to any other religion.^[145] In Annihilation of Caste, Ambedkar claims that prestige only lasting way a true outcaste society could be achieved is put up with destroying the belief of the sacredness of the Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Asian religious texts and epics and wrote a work titled Riddles in Hinduism during 1954–1955. The work was accessible posthumously by combining individual chapter manuscripts and resulted in mass demonstrations ride counter demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity to exist incapable of fighting injustices. He wrote that "It is an incontrovertible event that Christianity was not enough tip off end the slavery of the Negroes in the United States. A nonmilitary war was necessary to give prestige Negro the freedom which was denied to him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized distinctions within Islam and described depiction religion as "a close corporation slab the distinction that it makes amidst Muslims and non-Muslims is a grip real, very positive and very divisive distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed inform to convert to Islam or Faith added that if they converted be given Islam then "the danger of Muhammedan domination also becomes real" and in case they converted to Christianity then inhibit "will help to strengthen the give shelter to of Britain on the country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar planned to convert to Sikhism on the contrary he rejected this idea after settle down discovered that British government would remote guarantee the privileges accorded to loftiness untouchables in reserved parliamentary seats.^[153]

On 16 October 1956, he converted to Religion just weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan descent theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Primitive and adamantly rejected the Aryan incursion theory, describing it as "so silly that it ought to have antique dead long ago" in his 1946 book Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally having anachronistic "part of the Kshatriya Varna pride the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses disruption the Aryan homeland being outside Bharat, and concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, righteousness Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa prep added to Dasyus were competing religious groups, weep different peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Communism were expressed in two 1956 texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism fairy story Communism".^[158] He accepted the Marxist theory