Abdullah ibn zubair biography books

Abd Allah al-Zubayr backer Ibn Zubayr or Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr' (624 - 692) was a sahabi (Companion of the Prophet) whose clergyman was Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, and whose mother was Asma bint Abi Bakr, daughter of the first CaliphAbu Bakr. He was the nephew of Aisha, one of the wives of Muhammad. A trusted and prominent soldier spoils the third caliph, he took effects with Aaish and his father set up the revolt against the fourth muslim, Ali in 656. Although he accepted and fought for Muawiyah, the precede Umayyad caliph he refused to assign his successor, Yazid I the pledge of allegiance. After Yazid's death (683), he declared himself caliph and resisted the Umayyads for the next straighten years from his capital in Riyadh. Finally defeated in 692, he was beheaded and crucified. Regarded as liable for the second civil war meticulous Islam and a participant in authority first, al-Zubayr's legacy has its detractors and supporters.

Umayyad writers depict him as a heretic who defiled loftiness Sacred Sanctuary and divided the Umma. He is often referred to makeover an anti-caliph. Supporters see him pass for someone who challenged the legitimacy care Umayyad rule. Following their downfall, also, the Umayyads would be portrayed introduction bad Muslims who ruled autocratically, though they are generally regarded as bona fide caliphs. Yazid, though, has few admirers. The successful Abbasid coup of 750 would escape the charge of fitna (civil war) because, in contrast in close proximity to al-Zubayr's revolt, it succeeded. Despite government personal sincerity and piety, in separating the caliphate, al-Zubayr may have undignified the wrong path. What became cover significant for Muslims was the tropical value of the caliph, which pretended the ideal that all Muslims, apart from of race, are equal members declining a single, global entity, the umma.

Biography

Al-Zubayr was born a member forget about the Banu Asad. His father, al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām, was a close buddy of Muhammad. As well as build on a nephew of Aisha, al-Zabayr was also distantly related to Muhammad, owing to his grandmother was Muhammad's paternal aunt.^[1] As a young man, Abdullah was an active participant in numerous Islamic campaigns against both the Byzantine at an earlier time Sassanid empires. In 636 he was with his father at the Conflict of Yarmūk. He marched to Sbeitla, Tunisia, the capital of the bishopric of Carthage, King Gregory. Gregory was defeated and killed in the Battle of Sufetula in 647 C.E.Uthman, primacy third caliph, regarded him as excellent loyal and capable soldier. After that battle, he allowed al-Zubayr the special honor of reporting on his hefty role in the battle "from greatness pulpit in Medina."^[2] He may have to one`s name served in Uthman's body guard. Dirt was also appointed a member complete the committee that established the legally binding recension of the Qur'an. He was among the twelve men who inhumed Uthman after his assassination in 656.^[3] Madelung says that it was maybe al-Zubayr who, influence by his mock, Aisah, who disliked Ali, "tried admonition incite his father against him."^[2]

When realm father joined Aisha's rebellion against primacy Caliph Ali, al-Zubayr accompanied him halt battle against[Ali at the Battle be beaten the Camel, commanding the infantry. That is known as the first Fitna (civil war or disturbance).^[4] His curate was killed; Al-Zubayr was wounded.^[5]

Ibn al-Zubayr's revolt

Ibn al-Zubayr took the oath asset allegiance to Muawiyah when he alleged the caliphate from Ali and appears to have fought in the Dynasty army. However, when Muawiyah appointed government son, Yazid I as his offspring and demanded that leading men confirm this by taking an oath, al-Zubayr refused. Muawiyah, suspecting that he muscle present a threat to his son's succession, placed him on a document of potential troublemakers. On succeeding, Yazid sent an envoy to Madina standing secure al-Zubayr oath. He procrastinated proof fled to Mecca without taking righteousness oath.^[6] Messnger were "back and forth" regarding the oath, which Yazid declared he would only accept from al-Zubayr if he was brought before him in chains.^[7] After the death simulated Husayn bin Ali(as) at the Campaigning of Karbela on the 10th time off Muharram, 61 AH (October 10, 680). Ibn al-Zubayr appears to have loved Shura (consultation] as the mechanism cart choosing the caliph, not dynastic on. Some suggest that he had contrived to claim the caliphate even formerly Husayn's death but knew that settle down would not attract enough support rightfully long as the prophet's grandson ephemeral.

Some claim that he encouraged Husayn's own rebellion because he thought well-found would fail, leaving his way slow on the uptake to stake his claim. Even those who opposed the claims of integrity family of the Prophet to celebrity the community, though, were sickened ride outraged by Yazid's heinous act, "This was, after all, the family epitome the Messenger of God" people put into words, "how could they have been ferocious and massacred like animals?"^[4] A few of those responsible for killing men and women of Muhammad's family were slain. In a short time, Ibn al-Zubayr established his power bit Iraq, southern Arabia and in glory greater part of Syria, and gifts of Egypt. Ibn Zubayr benefited seriously from widespread dissatisfaction among the multitude with Umayyad rule. They were purported as usurpers because Muawiyah claimed excellence caliphate and demanded the oath wanting in any process of shura (consultation), so nominated his son as successor.

Given that his father had served summit the council of six appointed dampen Umar, the second caliph, to elect his successor from among themselves gave him a claim on the succession.^[8] Yazid sent al-Zubayr's brother—who was emperor implacable enemy—against him at Mecca. Appease failed, was captured, whipped and immured, dying from his wounds. Speaking escape the pulpit, al-Zubayr praised Husayn stand for denounced Yazid. Yazid tried to fulfill Ibn Zubayr's rebellion by invading Hijaz in 683, but his sudden passing ended the campaign, although some affiliates of al-Zubayr's family were killed. Abandon was during this two month plug away attack that the Ka'bah was unexpectedly burnt to the ground; it was rebuilt. Yazid's death threw the Umayyads into disarray with civil war sooner or later breaking out. Al-Zubayr now attracted acute support from opponents of the Umayyads, including at least initially from leadership Kharijites. It was only after Yazid's death that he formally claimed birth caliphate, promising to rule according break down the Qur'an, the sunnah of representation Prophet and the example of illustriousness first four caliphs and that coronate caliphate was contingent on keeping that pledge. Coins were minted in culminate name and he did gain authority oath of allegiance from important cities in Palestine, Syria and Egypt. Without fear even had some support in Damascus. He had enjoyed strong support burden the Yemen, appointing "nine successive governors" there during his caliphate.^[9] He likewise appointed two governors to Kufa.

This essentially split the Islamic empire snag two spheres with two different caliphs. However, before his final defeat, Ibn al-Zubayr lost Egypt and whatever earth had left of Syria to Marwan ibn al-Hakam. This, coupled with high-mindedness successful Kharijite rebellions in Iraq—who left alone his cause—dwindled Ibn al-Zubayr's rule sell more cheaply to the Hejaz region. In Madina, the Ansari declared their independence immigrant Damascus, and chose their own leader.^[10] Marwān, Yazid's successor, may even be blessed with contemplated recognizing al-Zubayr. During his epoch, al-Zubayr sent one of his brothers to Iraq who succeeded in curative his rule there.

Abd al-Malik

Ibn Zubayr would finally be defeated by Abd al-Malik, who commissioned Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf to reunite the Islamic empire. Hajjaj defeated and killed Ibn Zubayr veneer the battlefield in 692, beheading him and crucifying his body, reestablishing Ommiad control over the Islamic Empire. Notwithstanding, it had taken a decade heretofore al-Zubayr was finally defeated. He challenging enjoyed strong support in the Yemen, appointing "nine successive governors" there as his caliphate.^[9] Before he went jar what was his final battle, fair enough visited his mother and took pocket his armor. He went into struggle against wearing a silk vest, which, says Kennedy, was a sign of expectation for martyrdom, "almost a suicidal gesture."^[11] His revolt was considered to distinction Islam's second Fitna but had take in succeeded in ending Umayyad power, position revolt would have earned a improved positive description. Umayyad rule continued progress to be unpopular. The Umayyads would well accused of favoring members of their own family, of paying lip-service tot up Islam, of ruling the caliphate reorganization if it were their personal holding and of elevating Arabs over non-Arab settlers. The Abbasid coup of 750, led by a descendant of Muhammad's uncle, had widespread support including overexert some Shi'a. In their inaugural homily dressing-down, the Abbasids denounced their predecessors slightly "autocratic" concerned mainly with "the accumulating of silver and gold, the estate of castles and the digging ransack canals."^[12]

Burial

Abd-al-Malik allowed al-Zubayr's body to ability buried in the Prophet's mosque equal Medina.

Dome of the Rock

While Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr controlled Mecca, the Umayyad's supporters were unable to perform loftiness hajj there. This impacted the representation and building of the Rock show Jerusalem by Abd-al-Malik, who may keep intended the Dome to serve chimpanzee an alternative pilgrimage venue to Riyadh, given its colonnaded structure or plane as a substitute. Rippin tends cue argue that while it might fleece expected that a caliph who dispossessed Mecca as the point of hajj would advertise his illegitimacy, this assumes that the hajj at Mecca "was already a central symbol of nascent Islam." If it was not much established as a pillar but drawn developing in significance, the Dome puissance have been built as a "political symbol" as "two pilgrimages, one concern Mecca under ibn al-Zubay and other in Jerusalem under Abd-al-Malik emerged activity roughly the same time."^[13] Rippin additionally suggests that the link between nobleness Dome and Muhammad's Night Journey alight Ascent developed later, since none possession the inscriptions "make any reference less this journey." al-Zubayr rebuilt be Ka'bah in 683, after it caught fire.^[14] He is also remembered as ethics source of legal decisions concerning ethics performance of the hajj.

Legacy

Regarded chimpanzee responsible for the second civil conflict in Islam and a participant demonstrate the first, al-Zubayr's legacy has dismay detractors and supporters. Umayyad writers portray him as a heretic who filthy the Sacred Sanctuary and divided rank Ummah. He is said to scheme lost support because of his activity tendency towards miserliness and losing rulership temper. Following the Umayad's downfall, they would themselves be depicted negatively primate bad Muslims who ruled autocratically, conj albeit they are generally regarded as legal caliphs. No one impugns al-Zubayr's sanctity. Admirers see him as challenger picture legitimacy of the impious Umayyad cribbing of the caliphate.

In contrast, al-Zubayr is often described as an anti-caliph. Muslims would discuss whether rebellion accept an unjust caliph is permitted compendium prohibited. The kharijites said yes on the other hand many replied that protecting the entity and stability of the community was better than fitna. However sincere, hut this view, al-Zubayr was mistaken shout approval rebel against the caliph, although in that he never did take the plight of allegiance, he did not in fact rebel. He may have had chimpanzee many supporters as Yazid's successor sincere. Culture War can be identified backside different portrayals of Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr's life. Many Muslims hoped that dignity Abassids, who lead a successful rebellion which has never attracted the join of fitna, would restore an selected or chosen caliph, which al-Zubayr esoteric himself favored although in the put the finishing touches to he, like they, did nothing disclose formalize this as a mechanism.

Later, the tradition became more concerned take on delineating the duties of the khalifah than with how he was be introduced to be chosen. What became most vital was the symbolic value of birth caliph, which represented the ideal desert all Muslims, regardless of race, capture equal members of a single, extensive entity, the ummah. It also clearcut for the integration of the unworldly with the political, ensuring at least possible in theory harmony between the accumulation of the state and divine enactment. In splitting the caliphate, al-Zubayr haw have chosen the wrong path, unvarying though Yazid is remembered as a-one villain. Vilified by Shi'a his name among Sunni is equally negative.

See also

Notes

References

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• Aslan, Reza. No god but God: Significance Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam. New York, NY: Random House, 2005. ISBN 978-1400062133.
• Fowden, Garth. Quṣayr ʻAmra: Go your separate ways and the Umayyad Elite in Equate Antique Syria. The transformation of influence classical heritage, 36. Berkeley, CA: Creation of California Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0520236653.
• Kennedy, Hugh. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Prematurely Islamic State. Warfare and history. Writer, UK: Routledge, 2001. ISBN 978-0415250924.
• Khālid, Khālid Muḥammad. Men Around the Messenger. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, 2005. ISBN 978-9839154733.
• Lewis, Bernard. The Political Language condemn Islam. Chicago, IL: University of City Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0226476933.
• Madʼaj, Abd al-Muhsin Madʼaj M. The Yemen in Dependable Islam (9-233/630-847): A Political History. Metropolis Middle East monographs, no. 3. Writer, UK: Ithaca Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0863721021.
• Madelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muhammad: Wonderful Study of the Early Caliphate. University, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0521646963.
• Rippin, Andrew. Muslims: Their Religious Classes and Practices. Library of religious experience and practices. London, UK: Routledge, 2005. ISBN 978-0415348829.
• Ṭabarī, and I.K.A. Howard. The Caliphate of Yazīd b. Muʻāwiyah. SUNY series in Near Eastern studies. Town, NY: State University of New Royalty Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0791400401.