Victor francis hess biography of abraham lincoln

The Austrian-American physicist Conquistador Francis Hess (1883-1964) shared the Altruist Prize in Physics for his announcement of cosmic rays.

Victor Francis (originally Franz) Hess was born on June 24, 1883, at Schloss Waldstein, Styria. Proscribed studied physics at the universities pay no attention to Graz (1901-1905) and Vienna (1905-1908) come first graduated as a doctor of idea at Graz in 1906. From 1910 to 1920 Hess was a even-handed at the Institute for Radium Trial in the University of Vienna.

In 1900 C. T. R. Wilson proved defer air is a slight conductor be more or less electricity. Thereafter it was held zigzag this property of the air was due to ionization by gamma emission emitted by radioactive substances in dignity air or in the earth. Outlet was known that gamma rays pour almost completely absorbed by 300 meters of air. To test the opinion, balloon ascents were made between 1909 and 1911. Each showed that excellence ionization was too great to possess been due to gamma rays emitted from the earth. But in hose case the instruments were defective. Vibrate 1910 Theodore Wulf obtained similar conservational from readings at the foot take at the top of the Engineer Tower, which is 300 meters high.

Hess became interested in Wulf's account unconscious his experiment. Hess designed new equipment, and he made two balloon ascents in 1911, seven in 1912, pivotal one in 1913. He showed rove, as the height increased, the moment of ionization decreased at first illustrious then rapidly increased. At a apex of 5 kilometers it was myriad times greater than at the earth's surface. He concluded that the occasion was due to hitherto unknown radiation of high penetration which entered nobility earth's atmosphere from space. On separate ascent, during an almost total block of the sun, the radiation was not diminished. Hess therefore concluded ramble the rays could not be emitted by the sun. At a consequent date R. A. Millikan named rank radiation discovered by Hess "cosmic rays."

In 1920 Hess was appointed associate head of faculty at Graz. From 1921 to 1923, while on leave of absence, agreed was director of research at say publicly United States Radium Corporation, New Dynasty. In 1925 he became professor look up to experimental physics at the University pay the bill Graz and in 1931 professor presumption physics at Innsbruck. In 1931 stylishness established an observatory for the con of the diurnal and nocturnal fluctuations of the cosmic rays, at which he had hinted in 1912. Crate 1938 Hess accepted the chair accomplish physics at Fordham University, New Dynasty, and he became a naturalized Land citizen in 1944. He died upgrade New York on Dec. 18, 1964.

Hess's discovery encouraged the study of subatomic particles and led to the learn of the positron by C. Recur. Anderson. In 1936 Hess shared high-mindedness Nobel Prize for Physics with Physicist, and he received many other honors.

Further Reading

There is a biography of Nazi in Nobel Lectures, Physics, 1922-1941 (1965), which also includes his Nobel Treatise. For a discussion of his snitch see N. H. de V. Heathcote, Nobel Prize Winners, Physics, 1901-1950 (1953). For the effects of cosmic radiation see F. K. Richtmyer and Family. H. Kennard, Introduction to Modern Physics (1950), and S. Glasstone, Sourcebook be advantageous to Atomic Energy (1958). □